A significant share of classroom interaction occurs between teachers and language learners. Therefore, the individual characteristics of teachers could play facilitative or impeding roles thus encouraging or discouraging learners from getting engaged in interaction and meaning negotiation attempts when interacting with their teachers. Surprisingly however, this area has attracted scant attentio...

a significant share of classroom interaction occurs between teachers and language learners. therefore, the individual characteristics of teachers could play facilitative or impeding roles thus encouraging or discouraging learners from getting engaged in interaction and meaning negotiation attempts when interacting with their teachers. surprisingly however, this area has attracted scant attentio...

Educators often employ various training techniques to reduce raters’ subjectivity. Negotiation is a technique which can assist novice raters to co-construct a shared understanding of the writing assessment when rating collaboratively. There is little research, however, on rating behaviors of novice raters while employing negotiation techniques and the effect of negotiation on their understandin...

F o r t h e s a k e o f e f f e c t i v e c o n m m i c a t i o n o f m a n m a c h i n e t y p e , w h a t s eems n e c e s s a r y i s t o f i n d m e a n s t o d e a l w i t h c o m p l e x l a n g u a g e p r o b l e m s i n ways t h a t w o u l d g u a r a n t e e i t s c o r r e c t a n a l y s i s a n d s y n t h e s i s . Such p r o b l e m s c a n b e b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d wh...

Meaning negotiation (MN) is the general process with which agents reach an agreement about the meaning of a set of terms. Artificial Intelligence scholars have dealt with the problem of MN by means of argumentations schemes, beliefs merging and information fusion operators, and ontology alignment but the proposed approaches depend upon the number of participants. In this paper, we give a genera...

The development of distributed applications over large networks of computers raises the issue of semantic heterogeneity between autonomously developed sources of information or service providers. If, on the one hand, it is generally recognized that we need a semantic layer to provide more and more complex services, on the other hand it is clear that such a layer requires the ability to “bridge”...